Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion (Tamarai et al. 2019). The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has estimated that the prevalence of diabetes was approximately 537 million people in 2021 and will escalate to 783 million people in 2045, with over 90% attributed to T2DM (Cho et al. 2018). In addition to the pathological damage caused by diabetes itself, patients with T2DM are also prone to numerous complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, renal failure and neuropathy (Wang et al., 2022a). Furthermore, patients with T2DM have significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates due to COVID-19 compared to the general population, posing challenges for public health and medical expenditure (Hadjadj & Wargny, 2021).
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