Based on the analysis results presented in Figure 5b, we observe significant differences in the behavior of nanobubbles in different systems. In pure water (system A), the radius of the nanobubble shows a continuous decreasing trend until it ultimately disappears around 40 ns. This indicates that without any influencing factors, such as ions or surfactants, the nanobubble’s stability is quite limited.
In contrast, system C, which includes 20 OH⁻ ions, exhibits a notable difference. Here, after an initial decrease in radius, the reduction suddenly halts at approximately 47 ns and stabilizes at a radius of about 0.3 nm. This stabilization suggests that the presence of OH⁻ ions significantly influences the stability of the nanobubble, leading to an estimated equilibrium radius ( R_e ) of 0.3 nm. This radius corresponds to a nanobubble containing two N₂ molecules, aligning well with our thermodynamic analysis shown in Figure 5a.
Furthermore, our theoretical predictions indicate that both systems A and C have a similar nanobubble radius of approximately 1 nm at around 20 ns. This prediction is consistent with our simulation outcomes: DPMD simulations report radii of about 1.1 nm for system A and approximately 1.2 nm for system C at the same time point (20 ns). These close values suggest that our theoretical framework effectively captures the dynamics and behaviors of nanobubbles within these systems.
Overall, this comparison underscores how external factors like ion concentration can alter bubble behavior significantly while also validating our theoretical predictions against simulation results.
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