Figure 12 presents the results of high-resolution XPS analysis for Co 2p3/2, Cr 2p3/2, Ni 2p3/2, Al 2p, Ti 2p, and O 1s of the as-cast sample. The Co 2p3/2 spectrum was deconvoluted into four peaks at Co0 (778.2 eV), Coox2+/3+ (780.1 eV), Cohy2+ (782.5 eV), and Cosat2+ (793.5 eV) for all three samples [87]. The Co spectra of the as-cast samples were similar, with the Cosat2+ peak being the highest in two samples (Fig. 12). Higher Co2+ satellite peaks are associated with monopole charge-transfer transitions [86]. Three peaks were detected in the Cr 2p3/2 spectra, corresponding to metallic states Cr0 (573.9 eV), Crox3+ (576.6 eV), and Crsat3+ (586.4 eV) [87]. The Crox3+ species are related to Cr2O3, which is the primary cobalt species in the as-cast sample. The formation of Cr2O3 on the surface of the alloy can contribute to better corrosion resistance. The Ni 2p3/2 spectra at 852.8 eV, 855.8 eV, and 860.5 eV were fitted to three peaks, illustrating metallic Ni0, Niox2+, and Nisat2+, respectively [87]. Metallic Ni0 was the primary peak for the as-cast and ABH-973-48 samples. Additionally, in the Al 2p spectra, three peaks at 72.5 eV, 73.6 eV, and 78.5 eV identified metallic Al0, Alox3+, and Alhy3+, demonstrating the presence of Al2O3 and Al (OH)3 [88]. Ti 2p peaks were split into Ti0 (454.0 eV) and Tiox4+ (458.4 eV) [89]. The formation of TiO2 is associated with enhancing the stability of the passive film [44, 90]. Moreover, O 1s was divided into O2- (530.2 eV) and OH- (531.7 eV), related to metallic oxide and hydroxide in the passivation film [91].
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