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修改:In Lakoff and Johnson’ eye, metaphors are divided into structure metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor.[29] Structure metaphor means that the structure of source domain can be systematically transferred to target domain and ...

According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphors can be classified into three types: structural, orientational, and ontological. Structural metaphors involve the systematic transfer of a concept from a source domain to a target domain, where understanding of the metaphorical expression in the target domain depends on comprehension of the concept system in the source domain. Orientational metaphors use spatial concepts as metaphors to aid in comprehending other concept systems. Ontological metaphors include entity and substance metaphors, container metaphors, and human metaphors. Entity and substance metaphors treat experiences as entities or substances and describe abstract concepts with material features. Container metaphors restrict unlimited things by giving them boundaries and making them quantifiable. Human metaphors humanize non-human entities.

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