Different researchers have suggested various indicators for measuring airline efficiency. Ma Nang Laik (2014) emphasized load factor, which indicates the utilization of passenger and freight rates and can reduce costs while increasing efficiency. Curley (2020) highlighted load capacity as a measure of operational capacity and size, reflecting market share, operation level, development potential, and profitability. Wu, Mengyao (2022) considered labor and fuel as important input indicators due to their high operating costs. Jia and Liu (2021) proposed revenue passenger kilometers and revenue cargo mail kilometers as key output indicators that reflect the importance of passenger and freight revenue. Cui Ting (2017) used the balanced scorecard to construct an airline strategic performance evaluation index system, while Jillian Duan (2020) constructed an indicator system from a financial perspective using the FAHP-TOPSIS model. Richter (2020) suggested using Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) to identify necessary conditions for achieving goals in monitoring and evaluating performance indicators. Sukhov (2022) argued that NCA analysis can enhance the credibility and validity of evaluation results by understanding the necessary conditions in projects or activities requiring performance indicator assessment. In summary, effective evaluation indicators can accurately reflect airline operations while providing clear directions for improving efficiency to managers.
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