The inclusion criteria for this study were adult females who underwent a physical examination at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between April 2016 and August 2017, and participants who received both a 13C urea breath test and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The exclusion criteria included individuals who were under the age of 18, had a history of gastrectomy, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, cerebrovascular accident, thyroid disease, end-stage renal disease or malignancy. Additionally, those with physical disabilities or injuries to their hands/wrists/legs/feet within the last three months were excluded. Participants who had used antibiotics or bismuth compounds within one month or proton pump inhibitors (PPI) within two weeks were also excluded. Finally, participants lacking information such as skeletal muscle mass index, H. pylori results and serum biomarkers were not included in the study.
