This study was a retrospective cohort study, approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study included 1984 women over the age of 18 who met the following inclusion criteria: (1) adult females who received a physical examination at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between April 2016 and August 2017, and (2) participants who underwent both a 13C urea breath test and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).
