The intestinal environment of T2DM mice exhibited poor microbial flora uniformity and diversity. The elevated abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in the D group, as identified by changes in the top 20 phylum and genus, was consistent with Huang et al.’s (2022) findings. Some pathogenic strains of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria are capable of producing endotoxins, inducing inflammation, and ultimately leading to insulin resistance (Bäumler & Sperandio, 2016; Wei et al., 2020). Additionally, correlation analysis confirmed a positive correlation between Firmicutes and diabetes-related indicators (FBG, HOMA-IR, LPS, etc.). Conversely, Bacteroidetes are typically found in lower abundance in the guts of T2DM patients but can produce healthy short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which may prevent or treat T2DM (Cani et al., 2008; Zhao X et al., 2020).
CMPs treatment reduced the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria while increasing Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. A high ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) is a characteristic that affects diabetes development negatively and is negatively correlated with glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity (Wang et al., 2019). In this study, CMPs treatment significantly reduced the abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, F/B ratio while increasing Bacteroidetes according to Wei et al.’s (2020) results.
