To further scrutinize the impact of cell walls on plastic deformation behaviors, we conducted a TKD IPF map analysis of a 3% deformed sample (Fig. 11c) and obtained the corresponding Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) map, which is linked to geometrically necessary dislocations, as shown in Fig. 11d. The KAM map discloses an up to 1.75° misorientation within the cells, indicating a robust mechanism that ensnares and retains dislocations at the cell walls. These results corroborate with those from TEM images presented in Fig. 11. For comparison purposes, an SEM image of the same region is depicted in Fig. 11e.
