Which of the following are identified by Mason, Walpole, Case and Helm (2020) as key elements of the socialisation process involved in social development?-Go服务器开发

As an AI language model, I do not have access to the full-text article mentioned in the question. However, in general, socialization is a process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are considered appropriate and acceptable in their society or culture. Socialization involves various agents, such as family, peers, media, schools, and religious institutions, who transmit cultural knowledge and social expectations to individuals.

Some of the key elements of socialization that contribute to social development are:

Social interaction: The opportunities for individuals to interact with others provide them with crucial experiences and feedback that shape their understanding of social norms and values. Through social interaction, individuals learn to communicate, cooperate, compete, and negotiate with others.
Role modeling: The behavior and attitudes of significant others, such as parents, siblings, teachers, and friends, serve as models for individuals to imitate and adopt. Role modeling can reinforce desirable behaviors and discourage undesirable ones.
Reinforcement: The rewards and punishments that individuals receive for their behaviors can influence their likelihood to repeat or avoid those behaviors. Positive reinforcement can increase the likelihood of prosocial behaviors, while negative reinforcement can decrease the likelihood of antisocial behaviors.
Social comparison: Individuals constantly compare themselves to others to evaluate their own abilities, traits, and values. Social comparison can lead to either upward or downward social mobility, depending on the perceived similarity or difference between oneself and others.
Cultural transmission: The transmission of cultural values, traditions, and beliefs from one generation to another reinforces the continuity and stability of a society or culture. Cultural transmission can also generate intergenerational conflicts and changes as new generations challenge or modify existing cultural norms and values.